Tampon - French Word Defined

In French, the word tampon can have several different meanings. It can mean stopper, plug, wad, swab, tampon (menstrual  product), stamp, or buffer. Examples using Tampon Je vais boucher cette voie deau avec un tampon de bois - Im going to plug this leak with a wooden stopper Il a besoin dun tampon pour vernir la table - He needs a pad to varnish the table. Je naime pas les tampons ; je prà ©fà ¨re les serviettes hygià ©niques - I dont like tampons; I prefer sanitary napkins. Elle sert de tampon entre les gens qui disputent - She serves as a buffer between people who are disputing. (invariable adj) - buffer Cest une zone tampon - Its a buffer zone Note that tampon is a semi-false cognate in English, in which it has only one meaning.

Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease - 706 Words

Sickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease or also widely known as Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic mutation caused in red blood cells destroys its own cells within and reshaping the cell wall resembling crescent or sickle shape; getting its name of the sickle cell disease. These sickled shaped cells attempt to perform its normal function of circulating oxygenated and deoxygenated RBC and gets lodged in small vessels causing vaso-occlusion. Where vaso-occlusive take effect, rest of the body is not receiving oxygen becoming oxygen deprived results in acute and chronic pain and organ damage (Valerie Mann-Jiles, 2015). This disease a lifelong condition affecting not just the person carrying the disease but the whole family. Treating this disease†¦show more content†¦Resulting in lack of blood flow to the region most commonly in the peripherals and organs causing pain in hands, feet, joints, fever and in severe forms develops in bones (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). Sickle cell anemia is the most severe form of SCD, lesser forms include sickle cell hemoglobin C disease, sickle cell hemoglobin D disease, and sickle cell beta-thalassemia. (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). . The term sickle cell trait is referred to people who are carriers of certain strand of abnormal gene, and it is a type of benign state of sickle cell hemoglobin C (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). Though, if two people with the same traits may have child, the child will have a 1 in 4th chance of receiving two abnormal genes will develop sickle cell anemia (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). Clinical Manifestation References References Doenges, M. E., Moorhoouse, M., Murr, A. C. (2012). Nurse s Pocket Guide. Philadelphia: F.A Davis Company. J. Kelly Graves, C. H. (2016). Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life In Children and Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease. Continuing Nursing Education. Joyce Kelly Graves, P. R. (2014). Pain, Coping, and Sleep in Children and Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease. Journal of Child Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. Khaled Hadeed, M. S.-P. (2015). Endothelial Function and VascularShow MoreRelatedSickle And The Sickle Cell Disease1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe sickle cell disease affects about 100,000 people in the America. The most common ethnic group the sickle cell anemia is seen in is African Americans and Hispanics. Approximately one in every ten African American and one in every one hundred Hispanic Americans have the sickle cell trait. Approximately two million people have the sickle cell trait in America. Approximately one in five- hundred African Americans and one in one thousand to one thousand and four hundred Hispanic-Americans have sickleRead MoreSickle Of Sickle Cell Disease2167 Words   |  9 PagesSickle cell disease is an ailment that specifically targets red blood cells, causing them to sickle into a cone shape and hinders the transfer of oxygen to other parts of the body. Lack of oxygen can damage tissues and cause major problems for the person affected. As a black male, I a m very familiar with sickle cell disease. I have family members with the disease, such as my uncle who was very susceptible to illness as a child due to the disease. I remember him telling me how his body would acheRead MoreThe Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease852 Words   |  4 PagesSickle cell disease was discovered in 1910 in the United States. Many cases came to surface after that, and it was clear that sickle cell disease is predominantly common in the African American ethnicity. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin of red blood cells. The most common, known sickle cell disease is sickle cell anemia. There is no cure for Sickle cell disease, but there was a treatment that help relieve pain, prevent infections, and prevent organ damage. A drug calledRead MoreThe Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease1381 Words   |  6 PagesSickle cell disease is a group of inherited blood disorders that affects the red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin. This disease is v ery interesting because it actually is said to have protective advantages against malaria in the traits heterozygous form. Some scientists, along with students at Kenyon college, claim that the sickle cell trait has evolved or has been naturally selected because it provides vital protection from malaria (Camperchioli). This is mainly backed by the fact thatRead MoreSickle Cell Disease1368 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Sickle cell disease is a severe genetic disorder which generates deformed red blood cells (RBCs). These altered red blood cells can obstruct the blood vessels causing vaso-occlusion complications. The current management of sickle cell disease is symptomatic, with the lack of any specific treatment for vaso-occlusion. Some of the recent studies have suggested the role of pro-inflammatory activity of aged neutrophils and induction of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. In additionRead MoreSickle Cell Is A Disease924 Words   |  4 PagesSickle Cell is a disease that you hear about, but not as often as you should. It is an inherited disease, â€Å"the name derives from the red cells in the blood of sufferers and they take on the shape on a sickle (crescent shape).† Another name for sickle cell is sickle cell anemia, because in some cases people become anemic. With this disease comes low levels of hemoglobin, which is the red substance in your blood that contains iron and carries oxygen. Due to the irregular shaped cells this can causeRead MoreSickle Cell Anemia And The Disease1149 Words   |  5 PagesSickle Cell Anemia LaToya R Walker American Public University Systems Abstract This paper will discuss Sickle Cell Anemia. It will describe what the disease is as well as how its contracted. The paper will go on to on to discuss the symtoms risk and statistics of sickle cell aniema. The paper will end with discussing treatment for the disease. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a passed down blood disorder that attacks and destroys the red blood cells. This DiseaseRead More Sickle Cell Disease Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesSickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease is an illness that affects people all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders.(1) These disorders can have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia. The overall incidence of SCD is eight out of 100,000 people. However, it isRead MoreSickle Cell Disease And Cancer848 Words   |  4 PagesSickle Cell Disease and Thalassemias Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and Thalassemias are similar blood disorders with some important differences. Sickle Cell Disease is a disorder where the red blood cells are sickle-shaped, which causes them to stick to vessel walls preventing much needed oxygen from traveling through the body. Thalassemias has normal looking red blood cells, but the body does not make enough healthy cells or hemoglobin. This means there is a lack of oxygen because the body does notRead MoreThe Death Of Sickle Cell Disease1755 Words   |  8 Pagesjob for over eight years that has recently discovered he has sickle cell anemia, should be dismissed from his job regarding his genetic test results. Sickle cell anaemia is the most severe form of sickle cell disease and is a genetic disease of the red blood cells (Gibbons, 2015). Red blood cells have a disk like form which allows them the ability to travel through blood vessels. Although in people with sickle cell, the red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape which makes them rigid and sticky

Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease - 706 Words

Sickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease or also widely known as Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic mutation caused in red blood cells destroys its own cells within and reshaping the cell wall resembling crescent or sickle shape; getting its name of the sickle cell disease. These sickled shaped cells attempt to perform its normal function of circulating oxygenated and deoxygenated RBC and gets lodged in small vessels causing vaso-occlusion. Where vaso-occlusive take effect, rest of the body is not receiving oxygen becoming oxygen deprived results in acute and chronic pain and organ damage (Valerie Mann-Jiles, 2015). This disease a lifelong condition affecting not just the person carrying the disease but the whole family. Treating this disease†¦show more content†¦Resulting in lack of blood flow to the region most commonly in the peripherals and organs causing pain in hands, feet, joints, fever and in severe forms develops in bones (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). Sickle cell anemia is the most severe form of SCD, lesser forms include sickle cell hemoglobin C disease, sickle cell hemoglobin D disease, and sickle cell beta-thalassemia. (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). . The term sickle cell trait is referred to people who are carriers of certain strand of abnormal gene, and it is a type of benign state of sickle cell hemoglobin C (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). Though, if two people with the same traits may have child, the child will have a 1 in 4th chance of receiving two abnormal genes will develop sickle cell anemia (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). Clinical Manifestation References References Doenges, M. E., Moorhoouse, M., Murr, A. C. (2012). Nurse s Pocket Guide. Philadelphia: F.A Davis Company. J. Kelly Graves, C. H. (2016). Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life In Children and Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease. Continuing Nursing Education. Joyce Kelly Graves, P. R. (2014). Pain, Coping, and Sleep in Children and Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease. Journal of Child Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. Khaled Hadeed, M. S.-P. (2015). Endothelial Function and VascularShow MoreRelatedSickle And The Sickle Cell Disease1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe sickle cell disease affects about 100,000 people in the America. The most common ethnic group the sickle cell anemia is seen in is African Americans and Hispanics. Approximately one in every ten African American and one in every one hundred Hispanic Americans have the sickle cell trait. Approximately two million people have the sickle cell trait in America. Approximately one in five- hundred African Americans and one in one thousand to one thousand and four hundred Hispanic-Americans have sickleRead MoreSickle Of Sickle Cell Disease2167 Words   |  9 PagesSickle cell disease is an ailment that specifically targets red blood cells, causing them to sickle into a cone shape and hinders the transfer of oxygen to other parts of the body. Lack of oxygen can damage tissues and cause major problems for the person affected. As a black male, I a m very familiar with sickle cell disease. I have family members with the disease, such as my uncle who was very susceptible to illness as a child due to the disease. I remember him telling me how his body would acheRead MoreThe Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease852 Words   |  4 PagesSickle cell disease was discovered in 1910 in the United States. Many cases came to surface after that, and it was clear that sickle cell disease is predominantly common in the African American ethnicity. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin of red blood cells. The most common, known sickle cell disease is sickle cell anemia. There is no cure for Sickle cell disease, but there was a treatment that help relieve pain, prevent infections, and prevent organ damage. A drug calledRead MoreThe Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease1381 Words   |  6 PagesSickle cell disease is a group of inherited blood disorders that affects the red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin. This disease is v ery interesting because it actually is said to have protective advantages against malaria in the traits heterozygous form. Some scientists, along with students at Kenyon college, claim that the sickle cell trait has evolved or has been naturally selected because it provides vital protection from malaria (Camperchioli). This is mainly backed by the fact thatRead MoreSickle Cell Disease1368 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Sickle cell disease is a severe genetic disorder which generates deformed red blood cells (RBCs). These altered red blood cells can obstruct the blood vessels causing vaso-occlusion complications. The current management of sickle cell disease is symptomatic, with the lack of any specific treatment for vaso-occlusion. Some of the recent studies have suggested the role of pro-inflammatory activity of aged neutrophils and induction of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. In additionRead MoreSickle Cell Is A Disease924 Words   |  4 PagesSickle Cell is a disease that you hear about, but not as often as you should. It is an inherited disease, â€Å"the name derives from the red cells in the blood of sufferers and they take on the shape on a sickle (crescent shape).† Another name for sickle cell is sickle cell anemia, because in some cases people become anemic. With this disease comes low levels of hemoglobin, which is the red substance in your blood that contains iron and carries oxygen. Due to the irregular shaped cells this can causeRead MoreSickle Cell Anemia And The Disease1149 Words   |  5 PagesSickle Cell Anemia LaToya R Walker American Public University Systems Abstract This paper will discuss Sickle Cell Anemia. It will describe what the disease is as well as how its contracted. The paper will go on to on to discuss the symtoms risk and statistics of sickle cell aniema. The paper will end with discussing treatment for the disease. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a passed down blood disorder that attacks and destroys the red blood cells. This DiseaseRead More Sickle Cell Disease Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesSickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease is an illness that affects people all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders.(1) These disorders can have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia. The overall incidence of SCD is eight out of 100,000 people. However, it isRead MoreSickle Cell Disease And Cancer848 Words   |  4 PagesSickle Cell Disease and Thalassemias Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and Thalassemias are similar blood disorders with some important differences. Sickle Cell Disease is a disorder where the red blood cells are sickle-shaped, which causes them to stick to vessel walls preventing much needed oxygen from traveling through the body. Thalassemias has normal looking red blood cells, but the body does not make enough healthy cells or hemoglobin. This means there is a lack of oxygen because the body does notRead MoreThe Death Of Sickle Cell Disease1755 Words   |  8 Pagesjob for over eight years that has recently discovered he has sickle cell anemia, should be dismissed from his job regarding his genetic test results. Sickle cell anaemia is the most severe form of sickle cell disease and is a genetic disease of the red blood cells (Gibbons, 2015). Red blood cells have a disk like form which allows them the ability to travel through blood vessels. Although in people with sickle cell, the red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape which makes them rigid and sticky

Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease - 706 Words

Sickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease or also widely known as Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic mutation caused in red blood cells destroys its own cells within and reshaping the cell wall resembling crescent or sickle shape; getting its name of the sickle cell disease. These sickled shaped cells attempt to perform its normal function of circulating oxygenated and deoxygenated RBC and gets lodged in small vessels causing vaso-occlusion. Where vaso-occlusive take effect, rest of the body is not receiving oxygen becoming oxygen deprived results in acute and chronic pain and organ damage (Valerie Mann-Jiles, 2015). This disease a lifelong condition affecting not just the person carrying the disease but the whole family. Treating this disease†¦show more content†¦Resulting in lack of blood flow to the region most commonly in the peripherals and organs causing pain in hands, feet, joints, fever and in severe forms develops in bones (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). Sickle cell anemia is the most severe form of SCD, lesser forms include sickle cell hemoglobin C disease, sickle cell hemoglobin D disease, and sickle cell beta-thalassemia. (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). . The term sickle cell trait is referred to people who are carriers of certain strand of abnormal gene, and it is a type of benign state of sickle cell hemoglobin C (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). Though, if two people with the same traits may have child, the child will have a 1 in 4th chance of receiving two abnormal genes will develop sickle cell anemia (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). Clinical Manifestation References References Doenges, M. E., Moorhoouse, M., Murr, A. C. (2012). Nurse s Pocket Guide. Philadelphia: F.A Davis Company. J. Kelly Graves, C. H. (2016). Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life In Children and Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease. Continuing Nursing Education. Joyce Kelly Graves, P. R. (2014). Pain, Coping, and Sleep in Children and Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease. Journal of Child Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. Khaled Hadeed, M. S.-P. (2015). Endothelial Function and VascularShow MoreRelatedSickle And The Sickle Cell Disease1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe sickle cell disease affects about 100,000 people in the America. The most common ethnic group the sickle cell anemia is seen in is African Americans and Hispanics. Approximately one in every ten African American and one in every one hundred Hispanic Americans have the sickle cell trait. Approximately two million people have the sickle cell trait in America. Approximately one in five- hundred African Americans and one in one thousand to one thousand and four hundred Hispanic-Americans have sickleRead MoreSickle Of Sickle Cell Disease2167 Words   |  9 PagesSickle cell disease is an ailment that specifically targets red blood cells, causing them to sickle into a cone shape and hinders the transfer of oxygen to other parts of the body. Lack of oxygen can damage tissues and cause major problems for the person affected. As a black male, I a m very familiar with sickle cell disease. I have family members with the disease, such as my uncle who was very susceptible to illness as a child due to the disease. I remember him telling me how his body would acheRead MoreThe Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease852 Words   |  4 PagesSickle cell disease was discovered in 1910 in the United States. Many cases came to surface after that, and it was clear that sickle cell disease is predominantly common in the African American ethnicity. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin of red blood cells. The most common, known sickle cell disease is sickle cell anemia. There is no cure for Sickle cell disease, but there was a treatment that help relieve pain, prevent infections, and prevent organ damage. A drug calledRead MoreThe Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease1381 Words   |  6 PagesSickle cell disease is a group of inherited blood disorders that affects the red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin. This disease is v ery interesting because it actually is said to have protective advantages against malaria in the traits heterozygous form. Some scientists, along with students at Kenyon college, claim that the sickle cell trait has evolved or has been naturally selected because it provides vital protection from malaria (Camperchioli). This is mainly backed by the fact thatRead MoreSickle Cell Disease1368 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Sickle cell disease is a severe genetic disorder which generates deformed red blood cells (RBCs). These altered red blood cells can obstruct the blood vessels causing vaso-occlusion complications. The current management of sickle cell disease is symptomatic, with the lack of any specific treatment for vaso-occlusion. Some of the recent studies have suggested the role of pro-inflammatory activity of aged neutrophils and induction of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. In additionRead MoreSickle Cell Is A Disease924 Words   |  4 PagesSickle Cell is a disease that you hear about, but not as often as you should. It is an inherited disease, â€Å"the name derives from the red cells in the blood of sufferers and they take on the shape on a sickle (crescent shape).† Another name for sickle cell is sickle cell anemia, because in some cases people become anemic. With this disease comes low levels of hemoglobin, which is the red substance in your blood that contains iron and carries oxygen. Due to the irregular shaped cells this can causeRead MoreSickle Cell Anemia And The Disease1149 Words   |  5 PagesSickle Cell Anemia LaToya R Walker American Public University Systems Abstract This paper will discuss Sickle Cell Anemia. It will describe what the disease is as well as how its contracted. The paper will go on to on to discuss the symtoms risk and statistics of sickle cell aniema. The paper will end with discussing treatment for the disease. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a passed down blood disorder that attacks and destroys the red blood cells. This DiseaseRead More Sickle Cell Disease Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesSickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease is an illness that affects people all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders.(1) These disorders can have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia. The overall incidence of SCD is eight out of 100,000 people. However, it isRead MoreSickle Cell Disease And Cancer848 Words   |  4 PagesSickle Cell Disease and Thalassemias Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and Thalassemias are similar blood disorders with some important differences. Sickle Cell Disease is a disorder where the red blood cells are sickle-shaped, which causes them to stick to vessel walls preventing much needed oxygen from traveling through the body. Thalassemias has normal looking red blood cells, but the body does not make enough healthy cells or hemoglobin. This means there is a lack of oxygen because the body does notRead MoreThe Death Of Sickle Cell Disease1755 Words   |  8 Pagesjob for over eight years that has recently discovered he has sickle cell anemia, should be dismissed from his job regarding his genetic test results. Sickle cell anaemia is the most severe form of sickle cell disease and is a genetic disease of the red blood cells (Gibbons, 2015). Red blood cells have a disk like form which allows them the ability to travel through blood vessels. Although in people with sickle cell, the red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape which makes them rigid and sticky

Why Did the Vikings Invade England Free Essays

During the 700’s, the Vikings began to raid English monasteries and churches to trade and sell. The Anglo-Saxons at the time had never seen such merciless men. In the Anglo-Saxon chronicles, the Vikings are described as ‘sea-borne pagans’, as all of the Vikings came on huge war-ships from what we would now refer to as Scandinavia. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Did the Vikings Invade England? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Vikings had originally come from Sweden, Denmark and Norway, and they were certainly very vicious people. The first raids came in the late 700’s, and began as just bloody, frightening raids. The first recorded were of unprotected monasteries on the south coast of England- Lindisfarne, in 793; Jarrow, in 794; and Iona, in 795. And although these raids were terrifying for the Anglo-Saxons, they were yet unaware of the blood-shed and fear to come†¦ In 835, Kent was attacked, and no stone was left unturned in the Vikings’ search for valuable treasure. Everything was a mess and the Saxons were panicking, but this Kentish raid unexpectedly lead to a full-scale invasion 30 years later. By the 840s, the Vikings were heavily involved in over-seas trading and raiding, and had travelled all over most of Europe. But this, it would seem, was not enough. The land in Scandinavia could not suffice to feed the over-populated region, whereas the land in England was healthy, and ready to be used- or stolen. The Vikings would have known where the majority of the unprotected churches and monasteries were in Europe and Russia, and they used this to their advantage. Casual raids became expected by the 850s and eventually converted to huge invasions and settlements, which of course would mean England. By 860, the Vikings were settled in Britain- arriving in hundreds and thousands from the two main routes they used to raid and invade†¦ How to cite Why Did the Vikings Invade England?, Papers

Importance Of Giving Appropriate Credit To Others †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Importance Of Giving Appropriate Credit To Others When Writing Up Ones Own Work. Answer: During preparation of a research or any other document, one may need to check and extract information from some others work. However, it is required to acknowledge the source of the information or it will be considered as plagiarism. Plagiarism is defined as using some others work without acknowledgement as ones own word. Plagiarism is a criminal offense that can lead to serious consequences that can lead to law suits, penalties or even jail time. Academic institutions like colleges and universities around the world have taken several steps to stop such crime. These steps include cancellation of the examination paper, deduction of marks or even expulsion of the student from the university. Academic honesty is a principal part of learning and instructing and a center estimation of various universities all around the globe. The universities take the view that all academic dishonesty is inadmissible and this arrangement plans to maintain the gauges of morals and trustworthiness encapsul ated in the understudy sanctions and expected of all students. The universities expect to deliver graduates with solid moral establishments equipped for applying the standards of scholarly honesty at universities and past in their expert and individual lives. The universities mean to show students the standards of academic honesty and give the aptitudes and assets required for fruitful learning. Academic dishonesty undermines the universities' center esteems and the learning knowledge (Adelaide.edu.au 2017). However, before exploring the act of plagiarism, it needs to be known the importance of acknowledging ones work with proper credits. When one particular individual or researcher publishes a particular work, it requires him to conduct extensive research through long period of time (months, years or even decades). Hence, he deserves his credit for all the work he has done throughout the research period. However, if someone uses his work and presents it as his own, that will not on ly be injustice to the researcher but also a significant crime. One individual is definitely allowed use the help of the work of other researchers during his own research and he may even quote that reference literature in his work. However, it is important that he must acknowledge the writer of the literature by using suitable references and in-text citations. He can also prepare a separate paragraph in the beginning of the paper to acknowledge all the literature writers from which he has taken help from. Moreover, he also needs to write the theories or research data in his words rather than the ones used by the original writer. Before publishing the paper, the individual must ensure suitable acknowledgements and credits have been given to the original researcher (Ams.org 2017). This is also applicable in the professional field where some people use someone elses ideas and use it as their own for their personal gain like promotion. This is simply not acceptable as this will hamper t he professional progress of the individual with the original idea. Hence, it is important to give appropriate credit to others when writing up ones own work. References Adelaide.edu.au. (2017).University Policies | Academic Honesty Policy. [online] Available at: https://www.adelaide.edu.au/policies/230/ [Accessed 2 Aug. 2017]. Ams.org. (2017).Ethical Guidelines. [online] Available at: https://www.ams.org/about-us/governance/policy-statements/sec-ethics [Accessed 2 Aug. 2017].

He Hated My Name free essay sample

He hated my name. My family never knew why, but he hated the name Whitney. He wished for my name to be Nicole, which led to that becoming my middle name. To this day I always think about telling everyone to call me Nicole. He was the first man I ever trusted, besides my father, and he still is one of the few men I do trust. He loves me; after all, I am his granddaughter, sometimes. He has a disease that causes his mind to drift. He doesn’t remember his own wife half the time; I don’t know why I expected or hoped for him to remember me when I went to see him. My dad held his right hand, my grandmother held his left as they walked him in to see me for the first time in four months. His bones protruded through his skin. I never saw him that thin before. We will write a custom essay sample on He Hated My Name or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His muscles turned into excess skin that hung off his arm as if it could fall off at any given time. His skin sunk in at his jaw line and I could tell that his teeth no longer occupied his mouth. His hair was buzzed, leaving only white peach fuzz on the top of his head. He no longer looked like my grandfather, his face was one of a strangers. He looked like he would have when he was in World War II, but Alzheimer’s was his war now. They sat him down in a room where full length windows gave the room a bright feeling. Without a glance to me, my grandfather hung his head for at least a half hour. It was almost like he was ashamed. When your mind is in the clouds and you have no worries, what is there possibly to be ashamed of? Suddenly, he started tracing my palm, noticing every line and every detail. His fingers fell through the space between my fingers like sand. He just sat there, holding this strange little girl’s hand. Although I was practically a stranger to him, a strong man wouldn’t have been able to pry his hand away from mine. I stood up, still holding his hand and we went for a walk to try to wake him up a bit. As his feet walked with a mind of their own, he gazed at the floor with no care in the world. He stared at the deserted gift shop that never seemed to be open and the different rooms as if he had never seen them before. When we returned to my family, he did not want to sit down. H e looked at me so tenderly. There was something beaming from his eyes. His eyes looked at me with a grandfather’s softness. They played with mine, searching for memories that we had shared. He started to play with my hair twisting it around his frail fingers examining the faint color through his almost blind eyes. I took his hand and twirled myself around as if we were dancing like we used to. He grew accustomed to this and started smiling and spinning me around on his own. As he hummed tunes from the past that were foreign to his mind, I felt like I knew my grandfather again. I felt like he was his neat, gentle, loving self who always had a knack for saying the wittiest things. All too soon, it was time for me to leave. My family and I walked my grandfather to his room, but he stayed outside in the hallway. He gave my father and mother a hug and my grandmother a kiss. It was my turn. I thought I was going to choke on my lungs. He put his arms around me and just held me. His arms told me everything was going to be okay like he used to, they told me that he was happy. He planted a million soft delicate kisses on my cheeks as I felt tears swelling up in my eyes. I was his little girl again. Although, he didn’t remember my name, that’s okay, he didn’t like it anyway.

Customized Supply Management System Problem

Customized Supply Management System Problem Introduction Disruption and variation in quality of commodities supplied disrupts production by adding resultant costs and losing revenue opportunities. In highly specialized manufacturing, the cost of constant modification of supplies presents inhibitive financial and technical barriers. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Customized Supply Management System Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More TESCO Company is currently faced with this situation though the intention of tailoring their products was meant to boost financial returns. Therefore, modification of supply management system has serious affected the company’s creativity in a bid to tailor service delivery that meet demands of each customer. Supply management system problem Supply management system coordinates functions purchasing. This mechanism identifies the need for commodities, appropriate suppliers, quantity and quality of the commodities. It al so evaluates effectiveness of supply practices already in place (Park, Shin, Chang, and Park, 2010). Expansion of capacity and mechanization of production demands that the supply system matches production efficiency while assuring quality of supplied goods. Information technology delivers on both efficiency and quality. With computer software to automate supply chain management, decisions can be made reliably and in timely manner (Park, Shin, Chang, and Park, 2010). Input from the production section is processed to chart a supplier’s trend in adherence to quality, quantity, and timeliness of deliveries. Communication of the quality guidelines minimizes the risks of product rejection/return. In absence of a guide, variance is more probable. In such a case, the delay before replacement may slow or halt production; consequently, potential revenue from processed products is missed. Solution to supply management problem Therefore, I would recommend automated supply software that will group similar customer demands together. To realize the benefit of automated supply, both buying and supplying enterprises are to have an integration of their local processes so that data is funneled to a common framework. Then, the two systems are interconnected so that exchange of information is directly linked through website portal and email options. Sharing supply sub-system facilitates direct transactions and generation of reports that rate a supplier’s performance. Due to its dynamic reporting, anomalies in supply quality are communicated instantaneously to the supplier to initiate corrective action (Burnett, 2004). Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With a supplier audit, non-conformance to specifications in supplied commodities and modes of supply are identified. A report of the audit is then discussed with the supplier to implement corrective remedy. As a balanced assessment of a supplier’s performance, the scorecard is thus an objective tool to guide quality in supply. Reasons for the recommendations An improved approach to supply management through automation in TESCO Company will establish a broader partnership with its customers. The buyer will make an effort to learn the supplier’s values, vision, challenges, and operating environment. A spirit of collaboration established will offer positive contribution to the partnering businesses (Burnett, 2004). Such cooperation will turn supply into a competitive advantage instead of sole cost. This should be backed by a legal contract. It further provides for explicit conditions in executing the contractual partnership. Due to their explicit nature and legal enforcement, a contract assures quality of supply to the agreed specification. Supply management system plays a critical role in business process. A modern approach to its management proposes building stron ger relationship with a customer to minimize variance on quality. Important tools in safeguarding quality are the supply management system, supplier manual, supplier’s scorecard, and supply contract. However, breach of contract may occur that requires legal solution. The process is cumbersome before an award for claimed damages are granted and mistrust between these parties is often irreversible (Hill, Eckerd, Wilson and Greer, 2009). References Burnett, K. (2004). Business briefing: Global purchasing Supply chain Strategies. New York: Wiley. Hill, J., Stephanie, E., Darryl, W., and Bertie, G. (2009). The effect of unethical behavior on trust in a buyer–supplier relationship: The mediating role of psychological contract violation. Journal of Operations Management, 27, 281-293.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Customized Supply Management System Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Park, J., Kitae S., Tai-Woo C., Jinwoo P. (2010). An integrative framework for supplier relationship management. Industrial Management Data Systems, 110(4), 495-515.

Electrical Principles Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Electrical Principles - Coursework Example It involves taking snapshot of each cell at installation time and then measuring subtle changes as cells age. A 25% resistance increase over the initial reading provides hints to the battery’s overall performance drop. Measurement of a battery’s internal resistance is done through reading voltage drop on load current or AC impedance. The obtained results are considered ohmic values. There is a widespread held notion that internal resistance has a relation to capacity, yet this is not true. Most batteries retain flat resistance throughout its service life. In figure 1 is the capacity fade and the internal resistance of battery cells. The circuit set-up contains the battery to be studied lying in series with a resistor. The potential difference across load is measured and so is the current for a different resistors/rheostat in the circuit. The idea is for the overall resistance of circuit changes so that the current is different each time. The reason that doing this is to tell us about internal resistance of battery because the potential difference across internal resistance is Vinternal resistance=I⋅r and it is possible to vary I by altering circuit resistance. Where the potential difference across internal resistance is varying and hence, we add up all potential differences given as E=Vload +Vinternalresistance in determination of internal resistance. This can be represented

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Hobsons choice - Essay Example Such interaction will help to uncover more evidence that can help with the eventual prosecution of Peter. Jim has joined the FBI of his own volition. He would have had an opportunity to request some other task, if he had any reservations about working undercover with a stockbroker suspected of illegal trading. Stockbrokers who plan to cheat their customers would choose gullible lay people such as elderly women as potential victims. Jim could not expect that Peter would select highly qualified accountants or experienced bankers or successful investors as possible targets. The situation in which Jim finds himself is entirely within the limits of what a person in his position could anticipate in advance (Pollock, 2003, p 150). Each vocation has certain conditions within which professionals are expected to act. An FBI agent is trained to deal with people of questionable morals and with situations in which members of the public are in danger of some commercial loss. Jim would have been trained by the FBI to work under cover. The latter has the fundamental aim of witnessing and recording a criminal transaction with the objective of collecting conclusive evidence. The task assigned to Jim must have the principle objective of collecting evidence that can be produced before a jury in a court of law. Jim's action in the situation under review is to act on behalf of his employers the FBI, and to do everything that can reasonably be expected of him, to further the aims of his employers. Jim is obligated to fulfill the task given to him by his superior officers in the FBI. Jim would have a binding contract of employment that enjoins him to discharge his given responsibilities and tasks. The principle for any person working under cover for a law enforcement agency of the government is that he or she must strive to collect incriminating evidence against the person under surveillance-Peter in this specific example. Supporting arguments The FBI has adequate resources and contacts with stock market authorities and financial institutions to ensure that people cheated by stockbrokers under suspicion are protected from permanent and major harm. The situation that Jim finds himself in with respect to Peter and the women would not be without precedent with respect to the FBI's operating procedures. Agents such as Jim would have systems of both periodic and emergency contacts with support staff and with people to who they are responsible within the organization. Jim would probably have real-time audio contact with the FBI, given the conventional state of electronic surveillance technology. It is therefore unlikely that the woman chosen by Jim to appease Peter as far as selecting a victim is concerned, would come to any permanent material harm (Pollock, 2003, p 197). The choice before Jim to ask Peter to cheat all the women is more likely to arouse the criminal stock broker's doubts that Jim perhaps represents a law enforcement agency, and make Peter take guard. The damage to the victims would also be greater in this alternative, albeit it might only be transient, based on the arguments presented earlier. Therefore, it is better to select one victim, than to ask Peter to cheat all the women. Since Peter has given substance to the FBI's suspicions of his intentions, and since Jim is only a new friend, the alternative of

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Is Participation In Development Still A Tyranny

Is Participation In Development Still A Tyranny Over the past thirty years Participation has become development orthodoxy in both theory and practice (Cornwall 2003: 1325). The basic aim of participatory development (PD) is to increase the involvement of socially and economically marginalized peoples in decision-making over their own lives (Guijt, 1998: 1). PD approaches claim to empower local communities and recognizes rural poor themselves as the primary agents of change with the capacity to transform their lives (ESCAP, 2009). In recent years, however, there have been an increasing number of criticisms from policy makers, practitioners and academics regarding the widely applied participatory approaches to development. Many elements of this approach have been challenged on the basis that participatory approaches often failed to achieve meaningful social change, due to its inability to engage with problems of power relations and underlying politics (Hickey and Mohan, 2005: 237). Questions have been raised regarding the methods of participatory development and the impact of policies on various aspects of development, such as community relations, power structures, social conditions, rights of the poor, the role of grassroots civil society organisations in rural development, and the nature of knowledge (ESCAP, 2009). In this context, important publications have emerged representing different views and critiques of the participation approach, one against: Participation: The New Tyranny? (Cooke, and Kothari, 2001), and another more positive assessment: Participation: From Tyranny To Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development (Hickey, and Mohan, 2004), which scrutinizes the various arguments. These works have generated heated debates about the concept of participation which some argue carries within it an inherent tyrannical potential for marginalising those who are already less vocal, but whom it seeks to empower (Cooke and Kothari, 2001). Later, more optimistic publications discuss, what can be done around participatory development and social change (Chambers, 2005b: 718). In order to address the question at hand, this paper examines the current debates on participation in development. The essay will consider a case study that uses participatory approaches in their project. This intervention has been implemented with varying degrees of success. The case chosen focuses on a project entitled the Rural Water Supply Management Programme in Rajasthan, India, in order to illustrate some of the different effects of applying this approach. The paper is divided into four sections: The first section begins by discussing the emergence of participation in development from both the historical and conceptual perspectives. It then proceeds to the second section which analyses participatory development in practice. The length of the paper does not allow for a detailed discussion on the methods of participatory approaches, such as participatory poverty assessment, rapid rural appraisal and participatory rural appraisal (PPA/RRA/PRA). Therefore, this section will only provide a brief overview of these approaches and their use in development projects. In the third section follows a discussion on what is meant by the tyranny of participatory development. The fourth, concluding section seeks to draw some lessons from the discussion and analysis of the case study and provides a hint of what the literature suggests may be in store for participatory development in the future. 1. Emergence of Participation in Development: First let us consider how participation in development has emerged and what are some of the contentious interpretations of this concept. The emergence of the participatory development is tied into critiques of both theory and practice (Mohan, 2002: 50). In the late 1950s, the term participation or participatory was coined for the first time in the field of development (Rahnema, 1992: 117). The inception of participatory development is linked to colonial times and the mission to bring modernity from the west to the then developing countries. Thus, there was an increasing trend to equate development with modern western knowledge and practices by means of a top-down approach to countries in the south (Schuurman, 1993: 187-191). Critiquing this trend, social activists and field workers observed that non-inclusion of the people concerned in a development project from its inception to the implementation stage led to limited benefits of the development venture (Rahnema, 1992:117). This top-down approach carried Eurocentric and positivists ideas which disempowered beneficiaries (Escobar, 1995; Peet and Watts, 1996: 20-25; Chambers, 1997; cited in Mohan, 2002: 50). This concern was raised in the 1970s, by Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educator, who argued that development should not be the privilege of some few persons, but the right of everyone (Freire, 2003: 88). He promoted participatory development approaches, in contrast to top-down practices, by arguing I cannot think for others or without others, nor others can think for me (Freire, 2003: 108). In his Pedagogy of Oppressed Freire emphasized knowledge creation of the marginalized by increasing their awareness about their rights and establishing networks of soli darity to encourage dialogue which would enable people to express their needs and give them a sense of ownership of the projects. A similar view was echoed by Robert Chambers who challenged the various biases of development polices and interventions that make the poor invisible by distinguishing between uppers, i.e. the powerful practitioners and lowers, i.e. the powerless beneficiaries (Chambers, 1983; 1997: 2005a; Williams, 2004: 560). He argued that this [top-down approach] implies uppers empowering lowers between all levels. To do this, they must individually relinquish degrees of control themselves (Chambers, 2005a: 72). Thus, for Chambers, participatory development is a new paradigm, which will lead to empowerment of the beneficiaries, and a shift from hierarchical top-down development projects. He advocates open power structures which will bring personal and institutional change (Williams, 2004: 560). Hence, participation of local communities was stressed to end the top-down approach in development projects and participation became widely practiced. 1.1 Participatory Approaches: There are a myriad of methods for conducting participatory development in practice. However, the most extensively used methodology is Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). The other approaches include Participatory poverty assessments (PPA) and Rapid rural appraisal (RRA). The PRA approach is based on achieving change and a reversal of roles, behaviours and relationships. Though, this may be carried out by external development practitioners, their role is limited to facilitating the focus group, by listening to them and sharing methods with the local people to help them reflect on their on own knowledge. The outsiders do not transfer technology. The strength of the PRA method lies in understanding the local needs; providing local ideas; extracting, developing and investing local resources; and generating development ideas (Chambers, 1997: 103, 2005a:87, also cited in Mohan, 2003: 52). PRA collects and records data on local customs and practices for a predefined development issue, wher eas the RRA approach is used by outside practitioners to plan, and target the improvement of a given intervention. Finally, PPA, influences policies at the macro level in relation to poverty reduction development projects (cited in ESCAP, 2009: 13; for original see Norton et al., 2001). Thus, PRA is considered to be the more important approach to promote empowerment. The participatory development method involves all stakeholders who are affected, by the policies, decisions, and actions of the system. This may include individuals, groups, communities, local government institutions, local and international institutions, self-help groups (Chambers, 2005a:87). This approach is used by the World Bank, non-governmental organisations, aid agencies and academicians, which for instance have applied PRA for climate change adaptation projects. 2. Participatory Development in Practice: This section will examine (the) participatory development in practice through case study. The aim of this example is to illustrate different aspect of participation in development and how it can lead to potential tyranny. Case Study: Rural Water Supply Organisation in Rajasthan, India: This case study, which looks at the Jal Bhagirathi Foundation (JBF) situated in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, demonstrates how Gender is dynamic and gender norms can be altered when matters as significant as social participation are negotiated and water management is put into practice (Berry, 2010:48). Social participation is associated with gender in the conduct of this non-governmental organization in water supply management. India is the one of the largest consumer of water today. Water is considered to be a womens resource in large parts of rural India, as women have the responsibility to fetch water for domestic purposes 86 per cent of the time (Bhatia, 2004; cited in Berry, 2010:49). Women seeking water often have to travel long distances, and sometimes are confronted with reduced water supply availability. This means that women having to spend more time in storing and preventing contamination of water. This predicament applies to rural women in many regions. For example, women in Nepalese villages are house bound with domestic responsibilities in juxtaposition with men engaged in economic activity, which may put women in a situation where they are excluded from participating in water management decision making. Moreover, a lack of electricity hinders women from collecting water from the water pumps (Shah, 2006; Berry and Mollard, 2010: 49). The household shapes gender relations, as well as playing key role in the use of water. Domestic water use connects women with women of other households (Cleaver, 1998). These household dynamics and local customs reinforce gender inequities (Cleaver, 2001; cited in Berry, 2010: 50). Thus, because of their low social status, women are perceived as being uneducated and unable to take official decisions, which constrains their participation in water user associations. Barriers to institutions and political engagement make women dependent on informal forms of participation'(Mohan and Hickey, 2004; and Berry, 2010: 51). Thus, when women go to fetch water, they meet other women socially and engage in informal discussions about their lives and information sharing. In South Asia, and specifically in India and Nepal, caste, race, religion, age and family play a significant role in defining how gender affects and is reflected in water management practices. Thus high caste women are likely to be involved in decision making due to their interest in the quality of water, whereas, lower caste women may be more supportive of having easy access to the water supply. It is also important to note that since most of the rural women are poor and are likely to lead the kind of life mentioned above, they will be less interested in participating in water supply management due to their already busy schedules. Given these types of social scenarios, JBF a non-governmental, has taken initiatives to empower women in water management decision making and provide public space for their participation, as women are the real stake holders. In addressing the above issue, JBF is required to develop relations with governments, aid donors and work within the customary practices of the local communities. UNDP has been actively involved with JBF to promote womens participatory water initiatives and make governance more participatory. A UNDP sponsored evaluation in 2008 acknowledged the progress made by JBF by building wells and tanks closer to houses, resulted in a reduction of the four kilometer average walking distance in the targeted regions and decreased the time spent by women for collecting water (Berry, 2010: 54). JBF also helped these rural women by establishing self help groups and linking them with banks for small house loans. Even though the JBF project resulted in varying degrees of success, criticisms were raised, regarding the lack of convergence between water initiatives undertaken by mainstream village institutions dominated by men and womens self help group (ibid.). JBF recognizes that womens role is central to the community water management practices. Communities may also manifest themselves as sites of conflict and shifting alliances influenced by power and social structures, both exclusionary as well as inclusive (Berry, 2010: 58). JBF faced the following problems in the case of Rajasthani women, such as their having low autonomy even in their own households and often being unable to work out of the house, due to cultural norms. The women often did not attend meetings, as they were illiterate, and therefore it was difficult to get them involved in village water practices, as they also felt shy to talk in front of men. These rural women are facing two contradictory problems. Firstly, patriarchal society and traditional customs exert pressures geared to maintaining privileges associated with the prevailing social and gender hierarchy, and, secondly, they have been faced with the introduction of modernity which is transforming rural economies. H ence, traditional understandings of gender, and local power structures have come into conflict with the externally disseminated strategies. As a result of this conflict, JBF projects have provided little benefit to rural women although they were meant to promote gender equity and participation on one hand and reifying traditional cultural practices on the other (McCusker and Oberhauser, 2006; cited in Berry, 2010: 63). 3. Tyranny of Participation in Development: Much of the discourse on participation in development has been challenged over the past two decades. Criticisms have been raised about the participatory approaches and demand at best their rethinking, if not their abandonment (Cooke, and Kothari, 2001:2). The critiques mainly emerge from within the field of development itself (ibid. :5) after the failure of current forms of participatory development to engage with the issues of power and politics raised by its language of empowerment' (Hickey, and Mohan, 2005: 241). These criticisms are viewed by Cooke, and Kothari (2001) as tyranny in development practice. Tyranny here means, Illegitimate exercise of power in participation. The authors have identified three types of tyrannies; first, the Tyranny of decision making and control; second, tyranny of the group and third, tyranny of method. However, there are other points of criticism raised by academics and practitioners which will be referred to in relevant parts of the following discus sion. 3.1 The knowledge claims of Participatory Development: Participatory development is designed to uncover the local realities of the poor and ensure their involvement in decision making (Cleaver, 1999: 599-600). This claim to understanding the local knowledge and particularly PRA approach has been highly criticised by field practitioners. Chambers (1994) makes claims in support of the reliability and accuracy of the knowledge obtained through PRA approach. However, Campbell (2001) rejects these claims, and argues that whilst approaches, such as RRA and PRA, were aimed to generate more or less accurate information, practitioners have been using them as the only model for undertaking research. Hence, Campbell proposes an integration of PRA approach with qualitative and quantitative methods to generate in-depth understanding which would not be possible to achieve through techniques of observation (ESCAP, 2009: 22-23). 3.2 Tokenism Reference to participatory models have become an attractive slogan and strategy for governments to acquire political advantages and foreign aid. These slogans generate the impression that governments are sensitive to all the local needs (Rahnema, 1992:118). Participatory methods in development process are increasingly viewed as an important tool to effectively avoid the past mistakes by undertaking projects which require awareness of the local knowledge of the field; access to networks which help to succeed the ongoing project and provides avenues for future investments in rural areas; and cooperation of the local organisations to carry out development initiatives. In this view, grassroots organisations play significant role in providing technical and human resource assistance in the field, and by acquiring investments for the projects (Rahnema, 1992:119). The foreign assistance agreements with recipient countries show the willingness of the latter to participate in the global efforts of their developed associates. This collaboration has helped developing countries governments with sophisticated systems of control over their populations (Rahnema, 1992:117), as this approach allows governments to be present everywhere to manage democratic participation. Thus, this approach to participation results in exploitative practices contrary to the wishes of the majority of the population, whereas development polices have a tendency to influence the minds of the people to become dependent on modern services. In this manner, their participation in policymaking and decisions is sought to confirm the support for the same needs. Thus, development projects which benefit only a few obtain majority support due to misperception that these advantages will soon be accessible to them as well (Rahnema, 1992:118). 3.3 Tyranny of the Group and Tyranny of Method: The participatory development approach is critiqued for considering communities as socially homogeneous rather then distinguishing the heterogeneous groups of people in a society or community. This view does not take into account the embedded inequalities within the communities, and ends up reinforcing the existing marginalization and power conflicts between uppers and lowers (Cleaver, 2001: 44; Kothari, 2001: 140; Mohan, 2002: 53). Others, Mosse (1994, 2001) and Guijt (1998), have raised concerns about the nature of knowledge and reliability of the information. Although, this approach may have empowered a given local community to some extent, the literature suggests that support for community has meant that funding and authority is transferred to the already privileged whilst the oppressed are further excluded (Mohan, 2002: 53). However, in this context, gender differences and community need to be distinguished as separate groups in applying PRA and other approaches, as conflating t hese conceptually could be problematic. Mosse argues that local knowledge is generated in a social context which is influenced by power, authority and gender inequality (ESCAP, 2009: 23). Mosse further highlights that the problem of knowledge generation via PRA approach is likely to be influenced by the predefined agenda of the outsider and their interaction with insider community members. This space of interaction is where each group repeatedly tries to anticipate the others wishes and intentions (ESCAP, 2009: 23). This supposition is a matter of concern to Mosse and he discusses how the process of acquiring the local knowledge shapes the relationship between beneficiary communities and development institutions. Thus, this makes local knowledge, compatible with bureaucratic planning (Mosse, 1994; ESCAP, 2009: 23). The case study discussed on gender equity in this paper shows that local village men do not share the same, nor are they willing to cooperate. They are caught up in local politics. Often decentalisation and participation cause the more vocal in the already advantaged group to remain in their position, which defeats the very purpose of participatory development by preventing the flow of contextualized knowledge, and diminishing the effectiveness of interventions (Perret, and Wilson, 2010:196). Criticisms have also been levied against the methods of Participatory Development. Stirrat (1996) raised concerns about the idea of dual forms of knowledge local and scientific knowledge. He argues that in the age of globalization, knowledge cannot exist in isolation but is mutually dependent on interrelationships. 3.4 The Myth of Community: According to Cleaver (2001: 603) the community in participatory approaches to development is often viewed as natural social entity characterized by shared values. It is believed that these values can be manifested in simple organizational form. This view is refuted by many. The assumption that the community as a natural entity and is identifiable in any location with defined boundaries and rights to membership appears to be simplistic. This imaginary view of a community or myth can have wider implications and lead to generalizations about all communities as having similar characteristics. As Stirrat (1996) notes, communities are physical spaces where people interact socially. 3.5 The Tyranny of Decision Making And Control: This view of Participatory approaches which emphasizes consensus building -and shared values is rather illusiory. Stirrat (1996) argues that these approaches with their supposed cooperation and solidarity is a new form of Orientalism, which ties in with ideas of domination and power relations. It is evident that in practice the power of decision making ultimately lies with the development agencies (Mosse, 2001). Therefore the participatory approach is criticised for not recognizing the social diversity and conflicts which pave the way for social exclusion (Cleaver, 2001; ESCAP, 2009: 24-25). It is argued that the approach is used in the name of empowering people and represents external interests as local needs, [and] dominant interests as community concerns (Mosse, 2001:22). This perception of participation has the potential of oppressing the beneficiaries and leading them to challenge the social hierarchies in the society (Kothari, 2001: 143). 3.6 The Bureaucratic organizations: When the organizational interests clash with the ideals of empowerment this leads to bureaucratisation of participation (Richards, 1995: Mohan, 2002). This conflict can lead to withdrawal of the project (Mosse, 2001). The civil society organisations can create competition with local organizations, as large amounts of aid money are chanelled through such organisations. This competition can sideline the weaker organisations, which will further undermine their development projects. In order to seek better funding, these organisations develop alliances with the donor organisations in the North. This perspective shows how the local governments authority is by-passed and that these grass roots agencies focus on increasing their capacity. Many such partnerships between northern countries organisations and those of southern countries come with a price. The delivery of aid money comes with an agenda (Mohan, 2002: 53). Thus, in effect, the development project of such organisations subjugates t hose who are supposed to be empowered. As these civil society organisations are accountable to their donor originations, they are also time bound and have certain targets and objectives to achieve in order to continue the source of their funding, which may affect the development of the projects (Stirrat ,1996; ESCAP, 2009). 3.7 From tyranny to transformation: This section briefly examines the present state of participatory approaches from the works of Hickey and Mohan (2004) and other literature produced in the aftermath of criticisms about the shortcomings and tyranny of participatory approaches. They argue that participation has expanded its role in development, with new methods appearing in theory and practice, and note that, in recent times, developing countries are engaged in formulating creative strategies to express their needs and are better aware of their rights. They stress the transformative approach to development by means of gaining an understanding of the power structures and politics of participation in development. Hickey and Mohan propose the creation of synergies between local projects and political action and governance at the state level. They claim that this synergy will help to overcome the potential tyranny of localized projects and promote social justice and rights based approaches through radical political action. This view proposes changes at the institutional and hierarchal level in order to provide oppressed citizens with an opportunity to take charge of the decisions which affect their lives and advocates promoting the agency of active citizenship by relocating participation within the wider realm of sociopolitical practices. It is assumed that this model of participation in development discourse will provide increased opportunities to the poor to exercise their rights as active members of the society and give them better control over socioeconomic resources (ESCAP, 2009: 25). 4. Conclusion: Participation has become a popular approach in contemporary development discourse. To draw some tentative conclusions from the above analysis, it is evident that empowerment through development has not been fully achieved. Although participatory development has benefited some local communities, the literature suggests that the participatory approach has a patronizing relationship to development. It has been abused by different stakeholders for various ideological and self-serving purposes (Stokke, Mohan, 2000: 263), and provided little or no gain to those whom it seeks to empower. As the evidence from the case shows, in the struggle for power observed in the rural water management programme in Rajahstan India, the unequal status of women meant that they had little access to participation in the water management incentives. It seems reasonable to conclude that many theorists and practitioners may be justified in their claims that participation is disempowering those who are already oppressed because of its inherently tyrannical nature. It can undermine the role of state and powerful transnational development organisations. However, it is important to note that studies on the subject, such as Participation: The New Tyranny?, and similar work, does not discourage the use of participation in development per se. The debates on participation rather suggest that issues of inequality and social structure must be addressed to overcome current problems and improve the participatory process. Although the tensions discussed in this paper continue to hinder development, they also present opportunities for the effective use of participatory approaches. Continuing efforts to challenge and transform local power relations by participatory practitioners and agencies with similar interests can bring them on the same platform to work together for effective local participation to the benefit of development. In recent times, many development agencies have changed their focus to incorporate the broader questions of citizenship and sovereignty. Many of these organisations are now seeking avenues for building institutional and state capacity (Mohan, 2002:53-54). Thus, as Cornwell argues: participatory approaches have much to offer, but will only make a difference if they are used with sensitivity to issues of difference and diverse social realities (Cornwall, 2003: 1338). Bibliography Cited: Berry, K. (2010). Gender and social Participation in a Rural Water Supply Organisation in Rajashtan, India, In Berry, K. and Mollard, E. (eds). Social Participation in Water Governance and Management: Critical and Global Perspectives. Earthscan, London. Bhatia, R. (2004). NGOs in womens economic development in India: an evaluation, in S. Hassan and M. Lyons (eds) Social Capital in Asian Sustainable Development Management, Nova Science Pub, New York. Campbell, J.R. (2001) Participatory rural appraisal as qualitative research: Distinguishing methodological issues from participatory claims. Human Organization. Chambers, R. (1983). Rural Development: Putting the last first. Longman, Harlow. Chambers, R. (1997). Whose Reality Counts? Putting the first last, Intermediate Technology Publications, London. Chambers, R. (2005a). Ideas for Development. Earthsacn, London. Chambers, R. (2005b). Review: Participation: From Tyranny To Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development, Development in Practice, 15, (5): 717-718. Taylor Francis, Ltd. on behalf of Oxfam GB. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4030152, [Accessed March 1, 2011] Cornwall, A. (2003). Whose Voices? Whose Choices? Reflections on Gender and Participatory Development, World Development, 31(8): 1325-1342. Cooke, B. and Kothari, U. (eds). (2001). Participation: The New Tyranny? London: Zed books. Cleaver, F. (1999). Paradoxes of Participation: Questioning Participatory Approaches to Development, Journal of International Development, 11: 597-612. Cleaver, F. (2001). Institutions, Agency and the Limitations of Participatory Approaches to development in Cooke, B. and Kothari, U. (eds). Participation: The New Tyranny? London: Zed books. ESCAP. (2009). Regional trends, issues and practices in rural poverty reduction: Case Studies on Community Participation. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific Publications Office. ST/ESCAP/2571. Available at: http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/poverty_and_development/trends_rural.pdf [Accessed March 1, 2011] Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering Development: the making and unmaking of the Third World, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Freire, P. (2003). The Pedagogy of the Oppressed. 30th anniversary edition, New York. Guijt, I. and Shah, K. M. (eds). (1998). The myth of Community: Gender Issues in Participatory development. IT Publications, London. Hickey, S. and Mohan, G. (eds). (2004). Participation: From Tyranny to Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development. London: Zed Books. Hickey, S. and Mohan, G. (2005). Relocating Participation within a Radical Politics of Development. 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Animality and Darkness in Othello Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shakespeare

Animality and Darkness in Othello  Ã‚   An initial reading of Othello would suggest that animality and darkness are indeed in opposition to beauty and light. This view is affirmed by looking at the language and actions of Iago, 'Though I do hate him as I do hell-pains' in contrast to Desdemona, (or even the early Othello),'Not to pick bad from bad, but by bad mend.' Animality and darkness can be clearly seen in the character and more specifically the language of Iago. From the very opening of the play, curses and language which intone hate fall easily from his lips. His enigmatic declaration that 'I am not what I am' is preceded by the disturbing image that when he is sincere 'I will wear my heart upon my sleeve/For daws to peck at.' His descriptions of Othello and Desdemona's relationship are also animalistic, 'Your daughter and the Moor are making the beast with two backs'. The linguistic identity which Shakespeare gives to this character is later adopted by Othello; in essence it can be seen to permeate the play with a certain baseness which is placed in opposition to the character of Desdemona, not only in her language and actions but in the way she is constructed by others. One very clear example of this can be found within Act V Scene ii and the imagery which is used to describe Desdemona, 'that whiter skin of hers than snow/ and smooth as monumental alabaster', and in the recurrent references to light, 'thou flaming minister', 'thy former light'. Further, if one views beauty and light in this context as heavenly then the animality and darkness can be seen to correspond to that which is secular, a notion which Othello communicates in the opening speech of the final scene, placing earthly notions of justice against... ...scene and the misogynistic views of such as Iago, 'How if she be black and witty'' with the later scene of Act IV Scne iii and Desdemona's refusal to say the word 'whore', 'I cannot say whore/It does abhor me', then the dark baseness of the male world is seen in opposition and dark contrast to the innocence and naivety of Desdemona. Thus through such passages in Othello it is possible to see that 'animality and darkness are in opposition to beauty and light', in many different ways, dramatic, linguistic, thematic and conceptual and it is a conflict which it can be claimed is never resolved. Othello's suicide ends the personal conflict but the decision for the audience lies in their response to what is dark or beautiful. It is possible to see the 'tragic loading of the bed', either as the triumph of animality or the return of Venice as the good and the light.